城(cheng)(cheng)墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)形式有(you)土(tu)筑(zhu)墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、木筑(zhu)墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、石(shi)垒墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)和(he)条(tiao)石(shi)墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、砖石(shi)合(he)(he)砌墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、铲(chan)山墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、山险墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、壕榨墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)等，土(tu)筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)又称夯土(tu)墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)。大多建筑(zhu)在(zai)平原黄(huang)土(tu)地区,一般采用(yong)版筑(zhu)夯土(tu)法,就地挖(wa)取黄(huang)土(tu),经过筛选(xuan),然后摊铺于青石(shi)板上,在(zai)烈日下焙十(shi),或(huo)(huo)用(yong)火烤干,垒石(shi)墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)条(tiao)石(shi)墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)使土(tu)中的(de)草(cao)籽(zi)不(bu)(bu)能发(fa)芽(ya)。黄(huang)土(tu)选(xuan)好后,再(zai)掺以(yi)沙子(zi)、石(shi)灰,拌成(cheng)(cheng)三合(he)(he)土(tu),或(huo)(huo)用(yong)黄(huang)土(tu)夹片(pian)片(pian)石(shi),经过分(fen)层夯实,版筑(zhu)为墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)。墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)约3~4米,底墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)壁(bi)厚3米,墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)壁(bi)厚2米,内外沿(yan)分(fen)别砌有(you)女墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)与雉(zhi)堞。山西(xi)、陕西(xi)、内蒙古、宁夏(xia)、甘肃等地的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),多用(yong)此法筑(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)筑(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)后,还(hai)要经过验收,派射手在(zai)一定(ding)的(de)距离用(yong)箭射墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),若箭镞不(bu)(bu)能射入墙(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)体,方算合(he)(he)格(ge)。
在平陆(lu)、均匀(yun)、无(wu)复杂(za)地(di)(di)质城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址上筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墙(qiang)的(de)横截面(mian)应为高2.4丈(zhang)、下底宽(kuan)3.4丈(zhang)、上底宽(kuan)2.4丈(zhang)的(de)等(deng)腰梯形,砌筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墙(qiang)时(shi)先要夯实(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基(ji),基(ji)面(mian)砌筑(zhu)大条石(shi)。白地(di)(di)面(mian)起至城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)顶(ding)采用(yong)“缩蹬法”按(an)一(yi)定坡度逐渐内(nei)收,使(shi)砖土相间,墙(qiang)无(wu)直缝,虽有雨(yu)水,亦(yi)不(bu)能直渗城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)心(xin),以保证城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墙(qiang)坚(jian)实(shi)牢固。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墙(qiang)内(nei)心(xin)以土夹卵石(shi)分层夯实(shi),内(nei)外(wai)壁都用(yong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)砖被覆,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)顶(ding)用(yong)坚(jian)固的(de)海墁砖铺砌,不(bu)使(shi)雨(yu)水渗漏至城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)心(xin)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)顶(ding)外(wai)壁上按(an)设计尺寸砌筑(zhu)雉堞,内(nei)壁上砌筑(zhu)女墙(qiang)。墙(qiang)身都需钩抿(min)。若(ruo)遇(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墙(qiang)跨(kua)越(yue)沟河水洞,便安放铁(tie)楞铁(tie)槛,用(yong)作水关，砌筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墙(qiang)用(yong)的(de)标准城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)砖每块长1.5尺、宽(kuan)7.5寸、厚4寸,所用(yong)石(shi)料由各地(di)(di)采石(shi)场采制。
